A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING TECHNIQUES AND RELATED PRESENT-DAY ADVANCES AND USES

Abstract

DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling or genetic fingerprinting, has revolutionized various fields of science and technology since its inception. This review article comprehensively discusses the evolution, principles, methodologies, advancements, and applications of DNA fingerprinting techniques. Initially developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys in the 1980s, DNA fingerprinting involves the analysis of unique DNA patterns to identify individuals, determine relationships, and solve forensic, medical, agricultural, and anthropological mysteries. The methodology primarily includes DNA extraction, amplification using techniques like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), fragment analysis through gel electrophoresis or capillary electrophoresis, and data interpretation. Recent advancements in DNA fingerprinting encompass high-throughput sequencing, microarray-based techniques, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), and the utilization of bioinformatics tools for data analysis. Moreover, emerging technologies such as CRISPR-based genome editing and single-cell DNA profiling are pushing the boundaries of DNA fingerprinting applications further. This review also delves into the diverse applications of DNA fingerprinting across various sectors, including forensics for criminal investigations and identification of missing persons, paternity testing, genetic disease diagnosis, wildlife conservation, biodiversity studies, and agricultural breeding programs. Furthermore, the challenges and ethical considerations associated with DNA fingerprinting, such as privacy concerns and potential misuse, are addressed. Overall, DNA fingerprinting continues to be a powerful tool with wide-ranging implications in science, medicine, and society.

.